Access to Insulin: A Century After Its Discovery

The discovery of insulin in 1921 was a landmark in the treatment of diabetes, transforming a once-fatal condition into a manageable one for many. However, 100 years later, access to insulin remains a critical issue, especially in less developed regions. Despite being a life-saving medication, many individuals still face challenges in obtaining insulin, as well as other essential technologies like blood glucose meters and test strips. This issue is particularly pronounced in low-income countries, where resource shortages and inadequate healthcare infrastructure hinder proper diabetes management.

Understanding Diabetes: A Metabolic Disorder

Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), either due to insufficient insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. This imbalance can lead to long-term complications affecting multiple organs, including the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. There are three main types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals require insulin injections or insulin pumps to regulate their blood sugar levels.
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease. It develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin. Obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet are key risk factors for type 2 diabetes, although genetics also play a role.
• Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and is usually temporary, but it increases the risk of both the mother and child developing type 2 diabetes later in life.